BOISE - An integrated virus detection system moved a step closer to appearing at the American Beekeeping Federation national meeting in January, after Idaho beemen voted to contribute $5,000 to getting it there.
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The device is being used to study Colony Collapse Disorder, a phenomenon that has brought much publicity to the honey bee industry in the last year.
Its exact cause is still unknown, speakers told the Idaho Honey Producers Association fall conference here Dec. 7.
The detection system was developed with the help of U.S. Army scientists, who use similar technology in a drive to protect troops from chemical or biological attacks, said David Wick, president and chief executive officer of Biological Virus Screening Inc., Stevensville, Mont.
"We have technology to detect known viruses. This device takes a different approach. It will pick up any virus, including those that are extremely small.
"We're looking at viruses only 20.9 to 40 nanometers in size," he said. "That's one one-billionth of a meter long."
U.S. Army researchers became interested in the phenomenon because of its possible relationship to national biosecurity concerns, said Jerry Bromenshank, University of Montana, and member of the national CCD working group.
Scientists still don't know what causes CCD, Bromenshank said.
"It is not cell phones, the Rapture, ocean seeding, jet contrails, cannibal bees, a Russian plot, avian flu, spirit ecology, crop circles or a number of other similar possible causes suggested to us," Bromenshank said.
CCD-affected hives are those from which all adults have disappeared. There is usually little or no buildup of dead bees, either in the hive or on the ground around it, he said. A capped brood and food stores may be present in the hive, but there's no sign of robbing by other bees.
Common pests and parasites will leave the deserted hive alone for several days or even weeks, he said.
"The warning sign is a hive that grows slowly, then declines suddenly. The bees go off their food. The entire adult bee population leaves," Bromenshank said. "Any left behind are young foragers who haven't yet learned to find food.
Combination Cause
"Personally, I think the cause is likely to be a combination of several factors, but we really don't know yet," he said.
Researchers are finding signs of nosema cerana in a high percentage of hives affected by CCD, indicating there may be a relationship between the two, Bromenshank said.
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Consequently, growers depend increasingly on beekeepers from other states to .. Integrated Virus Detection System (IVDS) for identifying pathogens by
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N. cerana is a fungal disease infecting honey bees around the world. It has replaced nosema apis as a major concern for beemen, said Randy Oliver, California beeman and private researcher well known in the industry.
"N. cerana gets into a bee's gut where it multiplies, sporulates, and then bursts, damaging the bee," Oliver said. "N. apis is relatively benign, something we didn't have to worry about much because bees tended to get rid of it while flying around each summer. We no longer have that luxury."
A damaged gut provides viruses a prime entry route, he said. Forager bees spread the spores in their pollen loads, bringing contaminated pollen back to the hive for young bees to feed on.
"A colony infected by n. cerana will continue to expand its brood nest, but never grow," Oliver said.
More information on the disease is available on his website, randyoliver.com, he said.
The conference continued on Dec. 8 with a business meeting and a six-hour bee school for hobbyists conducted by Thom Trusewicz, Astoria, Ore., said Bill Ahaus, secretary-treasurer of the association.
"We had over 35 hobbyists attend," Ahaus said. "We expected only 10 or so. The turnout was very exciting to us. Those attending voted to form a Treasure Valley Beekeepers Club. They have no officers yet, but plan to select them when they meet in January."
Persons wishing more information on this new group can contact Mike Cooper at the Idaho State Department of Agriculture, he said.
The conference was the first held on a state level by the Idaho industry since 2004. In the intervening years, Idaho beemen met jointly with their counterparts in Oregon and Washington, Ahaus said.
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